RaghavendraRao

Central Limit Theorem states that if a sufficiently large sample size is drawn from the population with limited level of variance, mean of all samples from same population will be approximately equal to the mean of the population. Also repeatedly taking independent random samples of size n from population, then when n is large, distribution of the sample mean will approach normal distribution. Central Limit Theorem talks about the distribution of the sample data in a large population. Where as law of large numbers talk about law of averages relating to likelihood of occurrence of the events in case of high frequency of events. Practically its not feasible to go for large population of the data due to associated cost, so its not practically possible to make use of central limit theorem for getting rid of non-normal data.

Fault Tree Analysis is a systematic analysis of a faulty condition and all the possible contributing factors broke down logically. This helps to make sure that all possible factors are explored and unearthed. In the areas involved in managing inventory of large components classes, this would be handy to assess the optimal method to manage the inventory by figuring out possible risks involved in the inventory process. Areas like aerospace components inventory management. Fault Tree Analysis will not work out in areas where there are interactions between contributing factors. These interactions cannot be brought out in FTA.

Value added activity may not be transformational always. Example in case of customer call support though it adds value to customer, it may not be transformational in all contexts. It would help customer feel good and would add value. In the same context customer call support may not be able to add value first time itself if the customer concern needs more time and investigation, that does not make this activity non-value adding. It might still be needed to get all required information. Customer's will to pay can be a common factor to decide on the category of the tasks.

5s in services brings in the culture of optimizing the ways of working and work place itself. It helps to sort things which makes productive utilization of the effort of people, simplifying roles and responsibilities. 5s also brings in culture of sustaining the efforts towards systematic management of work. Also helps to build strong standard operating procedure to help achieve consistency in the operations. With all these streamlined ways of working 5S will bring in considerable benefit in services also. 5S should not be seen just as a house keeping tool. It contributes way beyond and helps streamline the operation and pay back in long term as the culture of standardization sets in.

Lean six Sigma builds in the culture of instinctive innovation. Instead of waiting for innovation to happen accidentally Lean six Sigma framework will provide structured approach to make innovation a possibility and increase the probability. Since lean approach focus on optimized way of operation that may not hinder the innovation atmosphere. It's also important to optimize the approach to creative design by learning from past this is possible not accidentally but by structured framework of Lean Six Sigma. But caution to be taken to make sure that the process does not come in the flow of creative approach, to that extent process framework need to be aligned to creative design work. Careful selection of concepts needed to optimize creative design thinking to be ensured.

Kaizen is the culture of small improvement on the floor by any individual in the organization, this build the culture of improvement mindset. Kaikaku is about a radical change in the business, focussed on implementation on new technology, new strategies, primariy influenced from change in industry. Kakushin is about complete change in existing system across organization, related to transformational change. Each of these complement each other by creating a focus based on need of the hour. Kaizen is the building block for system, which creates atmosphere which appreciates importance of each individual's involvement in making small improvement on the ground that build culture of imporvement. Kaikaku becomes handy to align to the pace of the industry to make sure that the organization is not left behind in the fast paced environment. It helps to inherit best practices in the industry. Kakushin help to remove the status quo and refresh the system with those things that are relevant and adds more value to the organization at any point of tiem. Without improvement culture, created by Kaizen, its difficult to inherit Kaikaku or Kakushin. Without Kaikaku and Kakushin its difficult to improve and be competetive in industry. Kakushin responds to the need of organization and what works good for organization.

Number become important as the maturity of system goes up. To start off with since the system itself is vulnerable, may be measurement system may not be reliable. But as the system gets matured, to make finer improvement in the system, numbers play important role. Edward W Deming meant that measurement may not be a must to manage the system and measurement systems cannot be perfected to depict exactly how the system is behaving. Overall it would make sense to improve measurement system constantly and also use it in line with the subject matter expert's assessment of the system, hand in hand in. Together they would help understand system and take it to next level.

In case of "cause may be necessary but not sufficient", focus should be to confirm the necessity of the cause in hand and also explore other causes which suffices the condition needed for the problem to occur. In case of "Cause may be sufficient but not necessary for problem to happen", it need to be treated as a unique and special cause and needs for attention and investigation to understand nature of the cause and its impact. In case of "cause may be neither sufficient nor necessary for problem to happen", exploration to be done for those causes that suffices the condition for problem to happen, exploring real causes of the problem. In case of "cause may be both sufficient and necessary for a problem", it is ideal situation which exposes all possible key causes for problem and all causes need to be addressed as part of problem solving.

Define, compare and contrast - Personal Excellence, Process Excellence, Operational Excellence and Business Excellence? Personnel Excellence - Organized approach as an individual to make sure there is value for money in terms of effort spent towards team or organization vision. Process Excellence - This is organized approach to conduct a process which ensures there is efficient and effective conversion of inputs in to customer value Operational Excellence - Organized approach to conduct a function which operates in an efficient and effective way to create value for money invested. Focusing on within and across functions operations. This contributes to build culture. Business Excellence - Organized approach to enable business to get value for their money. Business and Operations goal being well connected. Relation between all these: Each form a building block to enable the other at next level. It may not be easy task to achieve one in the absence of the other. Even if it be achieved, results will not be top class. Organization should focus on pursuing personnel excellence and process excellence as their basic need. Once the maturity is gained and this becomes culture, next step would be to build in Operational Excellence, strengthening various functions and ultimately see how all these are contributing to Business Excellence. In case of any gap bridge them and build a world class excellence culture. Approaches and techniques would range from basic aspects of Personnel Excellence, like well-organized plan as an individual member of the group. Organized way of managing time, creating goals that aligns with the organizational vision. Strong mechanism to keep check on the progress and make course correction and faster pace. For Process Excellence, focus should to be adopt industry practices and make sure they are analyzed and aligned to need to that particular business rather than blind implementation. Make sure people appreciate the fact of how process help build the excellence culture. For Operational Excellence, it’s critical to build cross functional collaboration and common goal and vision that aligns to organizational goal. Play with mindset of encouraging each other as function to organize the resources well to become more efficient. For Business Excellence, build a culture where customer becomes partner in excellence journey. Make sure the customer needs are effectively converted in to vision of company and further effectively translate those to next level objectives till the lower most level in the organization.