Vastupal Vashisth

Control plan is a quality document which is part of PPAP and its a method for documenting all the functional elements in the process to assure quality standards are met for the desired product or output of that process. The best way to create a control plan is its development by the cross functional team, that has the understanding of the process which we are going to execute or controll. With the help of CFT, we can identify opportunities for improvement. Control plan is more than just a document, it is that plan which is created by or developed by the CFT team to control the process form input to output and ensure that the process produces quality output/products that meet the customer requirement. CFT team should consider observation/output/know-how from following to create a good control plan. We should consider process flow diagram to consider each step involved in the process to control it Consider the output and previous know -how from DFMEA Consider the output and previous know how-how from PFMEA Consider quick learning form previous similar parts, processes Do design review Knowledge of the team about the process and part or output Consider special characteristics Control plan must be living document because all the information and problem history changes throughout the life cycle of the process. We should continuously update control plan as per input form any process step or something new happened which was not there earlier.

FMEA is a very effective risk analysis method and stands for Failure Modes Effects and Analysis and is a live document. FMEA is of following types: Design FMEA Process FMEA System FMEA Service Delivery FMEA This methodology is designed to identify the potential failure modes of a product or process before the problems occur or to assess the risk. FMEA can be conducted in design phase as well as existing products or services and can be updated at any point of time of analysis and that is why it is live document. The FMEA team determines the potential failure modes and then their potential effect of failure and potential cause of failure and identify single failure point which is crucial by giving rank to each failure with the help of RPN ( Risk Priority Number) RPN is calculated by multiplying of severity, occurrence and detection. On the other hand FMECA is FMEA with Criticality Analysis, and is of two types: Quantitative Qualitative To use FMECA, team must define the reliability/unreliability for each item at a given operating time identify the item's unreliability which is contributing to each potential failure mode Rate of probability of loss or severity calculate criticality for each failure mode by multiplying Item unreliability, Mode ration of unreliability and Probability of loss. Compare failure mode via a criticality matrix FMECA is supposed to be used in following conditions: to improve design of products or processes for Upping the reliability Better Quality Enhanced Safety to improve customer satisfaction for cost saving by decreasing development and design cost by decreasing warranty cost by reducing waste NVA to contribute to development of control plans, testing requirement, reliability growth analysis FMECA adds some value to the company if that company is already using FMEA. We can see that FMEA provides only qualitative information and is used in industries as " what if" method. but in this case we are not able to identify that how critical that product or process is? FMECA fulfill this as it provides quantitative information. FMECA is extension of FMEA and provides a level of criticality to the failure modes, which can be carried out in two phases, first do FMEA and then do Criticality Analysis. FMEA identifies the failure mode of a product or a process and their effects while CA ranks those failure modes in order of importance, according to severity and failure rate. FMECA does nothing but adds reliability to the failure modes. it is more suitable for hazardous control. By doing FMECA, Designer gets helps to identify the criticality of potential failure and the areas of the design that need the most attention.With the help of Criticality Matrix, we can compare each failure mode to all other failure modes with severity.

Point of Use inventory, as the name itself suggests that it is the storage of raw materials/consumables at the work stations where they are used and it is one of most useful Lean Concept.With this system, we used to deliver the quantity of products you need, where you need it and when you need it. All materials and information are stored near workstation so they can be accessed more quickly by the workforce. It is one of the most efficient and economical system giving us a clarity about our raw materials/consumable which we are using is matching to our inventory or not. POUS help us reduce classic lean wastage. In our Lean Journey, we see that there are seven types of waste which are identified as TIMWOOD, Transporation, Inventory, Motion, Waiting, Over-processing, Over-production, Defects. To start the process of standardization of work at a work center first we need to address material storage locations and we should be able to quickly the benefits of POUS. Biggest waste in TIMWOOD is Transportation and Motion which is eliminated and reduced by using the concept of POUS. Transportation is a type of waste which does not add any value because it does not contribute to transforming the final products. POUS technique helps to minimize the transportation waste. Motion is also reduced by the technique of POUS. it involves the double handling, reaching of parts and stacking of parts In any factory, we can reduce non value adding activity, excess movement of material from one place to other by using technique of POUS.

As the question says Y = F(x), that we need to improve inputs and improve the process to get better outputs than what got earlier. It is not possible to to let one of the two remain at a below industry average level( input or process) and focus heavily on the other one to generate excellent results. in previous question we have already seen that there can more than one x which is impacting outcome. Lets see some examples to understand that why is it not possible to let one of the two remain at below industry or standard level and focus heavily on other to get better output. Body Building in Gym: Some one has started to go Gym, no win this case outcome is a good physique and maintaining of his/her body. So this is Y in this case and to get this Y there are so many inputs and processes like diet plan, protein intake daily, exercise schedule, punctuality, not to eat fast food, Exercise start finish time, weight training. SO if he or she is having focus on only exercise schedule and timing of exercise and giving full time as per exercise plan and weight training but not having focus on inputs like not following diet plan, not proper protein as per daily requirement and having fast food, so after some time there will no proper result as desired because inputs are not taken properly although exercise schedule followed. Construction of a building: in this case our Y is the final building as per design given to the contractor. so here inputs are raw material like steel, cement, concrete, plywood, plaster, clay, paint, plastic, adobe, glass, fibre and much more, on the other hand there is a process to finish the building construction from starting of basement to final paint. in this example suppose we have focused heavily on inputs or raw materials but we are not focusing on the process how to construct the building, not seeing how the concrete is being made, how the raw material is used, how to proceed to finish the building. if we do not focus on process first impact that we will not get our desired building as per design within time except the wastage of time and raw material. Production of a Car: in this example our Y is final product of a designed car as per design and standard. Inputs are raw material like tyre, Engine, body frame, plastic parts, head light, handle, dashboard, floor mat, doors, glass, power-train etc. to produce a car with all input raw material there is process defined at every section and department. each department has its own process to process production of car from welding of body frame to paint to final assembly of child parts. for example we do focus on input and its quality material used to produce a car but following poor performance processes and not following exact process so at the end after using good quality parts we will not be able to produce a good quality car as per designed standard. Farming: it is growing of crops by people for food and raw material. in this case our Y is thew final crop which is used as either food or other raw materials like flowers, nursery plants manure etc. It is part of agriculture. in this case our inputs are seeds, pesticides, fertilizers, water. to get a better output for example 50 metric tons of wheat there is a process that should be followed. on what time water to be given, what time plantation of seeds to be done, at what time pesticides and fertilizers to be used, crop rotation or we are cultivating same crop of wheat again and again . so even if we use good quality of all inputs like, seeds, fertilizers, water etc but do not follow exact process of giving water, plantation of seeds and time to give fertilizers we will not get desired output of 50 metric tons of wheat. So from above examples, we can say that we have to focus on improvement of both input and process. we cant not ignore anyone of them to get better output

DMAIC approach six sigma methodology provides a systematic approach to solve problems. This approach consist of proven tools and methods which applied correctly helps us to determine a desired outcome. during this approach the concept of Y= F(x) plays a very important role and it has different role phase by phase. The term Y= F(x) , means Y is function of x illustrates that output Y is result of drivers x in process. let us see phase by phase importance and role of this concept Y = F(x) Define Phase: in define phase we focus on Y, the outcome or our project Y and how to measure it . Various tolls are used in define phase to get a clear understanding of the project Y. main outcome in this phase is Project Charter which defines exactly what the business problem is . To get Y in this phase we use following tools as our input which clearly relates the project Y. Some of the tools are: 1. VOC 2. SIPOC 3. CTQ's Tree 4. AS-IS Process mapping 5. Kano Model 6. Stake Holder Analysis Measure Phase: in this phase we also focus on Y and main outcome is Current or Baseline performance. We measure X's and Y and prioritize potential X's. There are various tools which are used to prioritize potential X's and establish a relationship between X's and Y's. Some of them are given below: Fishbone Analysis Correlation data collection plan Gage R 7 R study FMEA Histogram MSA Probability Distribution Pareto Analysis Process Sigma Control Charts Regression Analysis ANALYSE Phase: This tool is simple and is used to test relationship between X's and Y's and to validate root cause to identify Critical X's. By using some tools we get to know the critical X's which are mostly impacting Y's. an some of the tools used in this phase are below; hypothesis Testing Regression Process capability Analysis Scatter Diagram Reliability modelling Design of experiments IMPROVE Phase: in this phase we focus on addressing important X's to improve our Y. Some of tools are given below which are used in this phase: Design of experiment PERT technique Fault Tree Analysis Design of experiment MSA Risk Analysis Taguchi Design Value stream mapping Control Phase : in this phase we monitor Y and important X's over a period of time. some of the tools are given below which are used in this phase to monitor : 1. SPC 2. MSA 3. SOP's 4. Run Charts 5. Control Plan

SWAG is a part of terminology. its a consensus driven guess which is based on small amount of factual evidence.In any organization at some point of time we rely on SWAG's in decision making process which is actually a gut feeling and based on past experience but not all evidence. Its a risk taking decision but not avoidable because now a days hard deadlines are their to finish any project or any work. Normally during planning phase people have sufficient time for problem solving as they have proper time for data collection and its analysis and based on analysis they give decision regarding any problem or any solution to work upon. A decision based on SWAG and a reasonable decision both lies on same line. There is very thin line which is blurry to differentiate them on the same line. Because all these decisions are based on imperfect decision and gut feeling of decision makers. as per their experience they used to take decision to work for better result. for example in a tier 1 or tier 2 company which are small scale in which people wants to transfer products from one machine to another to eliminate wastage of time and increase productivity of line but they dont have any method to transfer except manually and for automation needs lot of money to spend which is out of budget . so decision makers decided to design and make a system which works according to gravitational effect and with the help of rollers they designed some trolley which transfer products automatically from one machine to another so by taking this decision it was not well planned but worked well to eliminate their losses.

Time Series is a sequence of measurements of some quantity taken at different time or at equally spaced intervals. Time series models have following components: 1. Long term trend. 2. Cyclical effect 3. Seasonal Effect 4. Residual or error effect Time series is of high relevance and has two goals which are given below: 1. Identifying the nature of phenomenon which is represented by the observation 2. Forecasting means predicting the future values based on time series in present scenario the world is getting more and more connected, instrumented and smart intelligent and different sensor with latest technologies and other technical support which is collecting thousands of measurements every seconds thus leading to an enormous amount of data being produced on daily basis. In order to get best result from this data we should manipulate in an efficient manner. Time series analysis plays a very important role. it has so many application out of which some are below: Forecasting: To predict future values for the measure based on the previous data. for example just want to know sales of automotive vehicles in coming financial year based on previous sales data. Cross -Correlation: used to find out how changes on one time series with other time series behavior. for example effect on sales of ice cream, cold drinks as the temperature or summer increases, effect on stock value of two different companies. Auto - correlation: it is like cross -correlation where an input in a time series correlates it with itself at a different time to discover periodicity. for example accuracy of parts over a period of time at a particular location in fixture or temperature in a given location may be repeated many times in past. Similarity: it is used to measure distance between two or more time series. for example ECG waves chart: we can check if a 5 sec or 10 sec long shape already happened or not in past. Anomaly Detection: it is the ability to discover statistical anomalies automatically in the signal based on past vales. There is a need to smooth the data if there is any irregularity or any unwanted component found while recording the data from signal. and these unwanted components generally called' noise" , so it is necessary to separate 'noise' from 'signal'. Below is some common techniques to smooth the data: Moving average of size n Central moving average Weighted moving average Exponential moving average Some times we should not rely on time series analysis for forecasting. This is the case when there are some outlier or any seasonal pulse or any sequential set of outlier with almost same magnitude or same trend. all these are interrelated as A pulse is the difference of a step on the other hand a step is the difference of the time trend. these outliers are not well fitted in the available model. in these cases we must check the source of data that may be faulty or have any error in its accuracy. so if we go time series analysis of a inaccurate date then it might be not useful and we cant rely on its forecasted value so we must have accurate data otherwise we cant rely on time series analysis. we must adjust such points or occurrences as majority of forecast techniques are based on average and any arithmetic average is very sensitive to the outlier value so if there is any outlier it means average is shifted due to its sensitivity so we should not rely on that analysis .

For any process or department we must know and highlight abnormal conditions which needs to to eliminated. And to recognize abnormal, it is must to understand what normal is. Nominal condition defines standard of process on which it s operating within acceptable limits. It is a very important concept and we have to understand better what nominal condition is. The first thing to define Nominal condition is to establish acceptance limits. For example, we know that parts are producing from different tools which have different rate of production or has different SPM(Strokes per minute), A part of high SPM of 12 will be produced 720 units in one hour on the other hand a part of low SPM of 8 will be produced 480 units only in one hour. SO we should define limit because at the end of that day we are knowing that we will achieve our target . other example for the same is rules change by government in Engines from BS4 to BS 6 before it was BS 3, every time they are giving some acceptable limits for emission control so that companies do modification accordingly and set their target and range accordingly during production. The second important key to define nominal condition is to be able to measure it in process metric. For example machine has a capacity to produce 4000 parts in eight hour and so every hour it should finish 500 parts, so if you are knowing that at particular time you are supposed to finish 2000 parts but you are behind that target it means you are out of your Nominal condition. One should be able ot measure the condition real time e.g. at the mid hour mark - what is the count which gives you the opportunity for correction. It is hard to correct when the measurement cannot be real time (or with lagging measurement) The most common challenge is to maintain it for a long time. Mostly people think that it is one time activity and left after achieving it, but actually it is day to day activity and there are chances of continuous improvement. Like Toyota has implemented it long time back but still they are continuously working on it to improve it further and to maintain it further. Mostly people think that this can be used in manufacturing facility only but it can be used in any department of the company. There may, however be a lot of resistance to such a change.

A process is said to be capable if it meets specification limits which are decided by customer . On the other hand a stable process is one which is statistical controlled and meets control limits which are derived from process itself. Stability of process relates to change in variation and has control limits which are lower than specification limits. A process will be stable if gives consistent output. SPC charts are used to determine if the process is stable or not.For example X bar charts are used to monitor process average. There is no direct link between process stability and process capability . by knowing that the process is capable tells us nothing about the process is stable or not and similarly by knowing only process is stable tells us nothing about the process is capable or not. there fore we should know both control as well as specification limits for any process. There is only one link between these two is that process capability should be performed only after performing process stability. because if we dont know that process is stable or not and its not giving any consistent output , how can we find out process capability. Process capability represents the performance of the process over a period of stable operations if there is only common cause of variation present in any process, then the output of that process forms a stable distribution over a period of time and can be predictable. A stable and capable process will be incapable and unstable if there is any special cause of variation because it reflects unexpected results and output goes beyond specification and control values. Process will be unstable if any value goes beyond control limits and any special cause gives any output which is out of specification limits. Special Cause of variation is a type of variation that are not always acting in the process. The process may be unstable but can be capable inn case of common cause of variation. Because common cause of variation leads to many pattern in control charts to identify this , either the mean is shifted or have a repeatable distribution over a period of time. When we are plotting a process on control charts, process stability can be checked by several patterns like points are outside control limits, there is any upward or downward trends, points are only one side of central line, repeating cycles. Output is in specification limit but not stable as it varies over a period of time. A process will not be capable if the specification limits becomes unrealistic, process is giving stable output within control limits but not have realistic specification limits can be one of the reason that the process is not capable. and other reason for the same is any special cause of variation in any process which is not acting before in the process. the purpose of capability study is to find out whether a process is capable of meeting customer requirements and to take any action if its not meeting requirement. Followings are steps to conduct capability study of any process: Select a key quality characteristic of a specific process for study. Confirm the measurement system which is used to collect the process data. gather the data , collect data from the process or we can track data on control charts. verify process stability and ensure the process is in statistical control . if the process is out of control identify and eliminate the cause. verify that the data that was collected is normally distributed which can be find out by Histogram, Anderson- darling Test etc. get the process specification which can be one sided or two sided. Determine the process capability indices and interpret them. Update the process control plan.

Shojinka is a Japanese word born from Toyota's Lean Manufacturing Principles and one of three three similar words which are related in concepts but with different meanings on shop floor. 1. Shojinka: it refers to 'flexible manufacturing' or flexible manpower/staffing' and it reflects the efficiency of production line with any number of workers and fluctuation in demand. 2. Shoninka : it refers to 'manpower saving'. in other words we can say that by doing some modification and improvement in work procedures, machines or any equipment , free the whole unit of manpower or free any person from that workplace or production line which were having having more manpower before modification, and get the same or more output with less manpower. 3. Shoryokuka: it refers to 'labor saving' . it shows some partial improvement of manual labor by adding some automation or any system which reduces the efforts that were putting more before and output was less. so by adding some modification if we are getting more output from same person means we are saving labor or time and did not remove the entire person as in Shoninka. Shojinka has two main elements : 1. workers are multi-skilled and can work at different station as per requirement to meet higher production demand or to balance line in case of any manpower is not available. 2. Assembly line is U shaped or circular instead of linear which have several benefits in terms of saving of transportation, manpower time saving as input and output of the final product are at same location and all worker working at same place leads to space saving as well as utilization of time efficiently in case of fluctuation of demand and it allows manpower to see starting and end stage of any product at a single location which saves time without walking entire length in case of linear line of production. Requirements of Shojinka: 1. Upper management or managers must have a clear understanding of demand as well as line capacity to fulfill the requirement. 2. The design of the system should be easily operative in various worker formats and in fluctuation of demand of the products. 3. Processes and procedures must be highly standardized so the output can be meet as per demand regardless of who is doing the work. In other words workplace should be process oriented not people oriented. 4. the most important factor that worker must be highly cross trained in various discipline either horizontal or vertical skill up to support the demand fluctuation as well as cost saving by doing more kaizen and other productive activity. 5. Team should have information about the production as per demand so that they can give their best to cop-up the situation as per their skill and can meet the requirement. Advantage of Shojinka: 1. Staff will be flexible means all are trained in all or most of the level to cop-up the situation which allows them to work according demand fluctuation. 2. Flexible workforce helps to remain high efficiency under any production demand. 3. When demand is low, it allows the workforce to work on various improvement projects as they are well trained in all areas. 4. Workers can work according to demand on any level of production if they are informed timely and trained in all level of production depends on requirement and skill set of the individual. For example it will be more helpful in those industries of which demands fluctuates as per season like Air conditioner demand is more in summer and cold drinks and ice cream demands are more in summer as compared to winter. Automobile manufacture also use as demand fluctuates as per festivals or in case if any other competitor enters into the market. for example if any new model is launched by any automobile manufacturing company then its demand will be high in initial months and later on it slows down. if the same is forecasted accurately and informed to shop floor timely then team con work accordingly to meet the requirement as per demand. it can be used in automobile industry to reduce waste and can be used for improvement in case of fluctuation of demand.

To understand CLOSED MITT and 7 types of waste there is need to go back in the history of Lean Manufacturing. After world war 2, during reconstruction of automobile industry in Japan, Toyota Production System introduced the concept of Lean Manufacturing. The term 'Lean' was promoted by James P. Womack and Daniel T. Jones in their book Lean thinking. Lean manufacturing involves never ending efforts to eliminate the waste by using different tools and techniques like poka yoke, Jidoka, One piece Flow, Kanban, 5S, Autonomation and many more. TPS has defines the seven types of waste which is generally called MUDA, that has been sufficient in steering Toyota to as a global leader. The acronym for 7 types of waste is WORMPIT or Tim Wood. 1. WAITING: people or parts tag are waiting for a work cycle to be completed. 2. Overproduction : to produce more or faster than customer requirements or downstream processes. 3. Rework: produce rework in parts or parts with defects leads to very less first time yields and need to rework those parts to fulfill requirements. 4.Motion: unnecessary movement of parts, people, machine 5. Processing : processing done beyond standard required by customer. 6.Inventory: it includes raw materials, work in progress and FINISHED Goods which is not value added and customer is not willing to pay for it. 7. Transportation :unnecessary movements of parts/produccts between units, departments, processes because customer is not ready to pay for transportation. Coming to CLOSED MITT, which is used by Boeing to categorize water in their organisation. Let's see how CLOSED MITT is different from MUDA or 7 types of waste and what us reason behind that Boeing categorize waste into 10 types rather than 7 types. These are below: 1: Complexity : processes should be very simple to understand and run. We can see if there are so many process which is added otherwise or repeated to finish a product, it makes that process too much complex to understand and execute it. Here also adding three more types of waste to 7 types also making itself more complex to define and execute the same. 2. Labor: manpower resource should not be wasted. It includes waiting, walking and all. Motion waste can be considered as a water of labor or under utilisation of talent which is usually 8th waste can also be considered as a waste of labor. 3.Overproduction: this is the worst form of waste which is produced more than demand and us the top lost in 7 types of waste too. 4. Space: if space is not utilised effectively then it can be considered as a type of waste and it is inventory type of waste for which we are paying. We should use as little as possible efficiently because we need space for everything to store inventory which is required to. Run the process and to run other facilities. 5. Energy: it costs money and it is a type of waste for which we didn't had enough attention in seven type of waste. To run any plant, machinery and other equipment we run lot of things simultaneously and during this we ignore to save energy which is used to run all facilities and this type of waste can get considered in one way as Processing waste as we use more resources than necessary and all processes needs energy in any firm to run them. 6. Defects:it is one of the seven waste which says that do it right first time otherwise we will have less first time yield and our output will be affected. To overcome this we have to deployment manpower to repair or replace them fir fulfilling the requirement of customer which is waste activity. 7. Material : it is either the waste of defect or any processing in case of extra material used to produce products. Raw materials should be used efficiently and effectively both for more yield. 8. Idle Materials : it can get seen as Inventory type of waste which includes all inventory from raw materials to finished goods for which we need extra space to store it. Idle materials are classified here as which are adding no value to it and customer is no more willing to pay for it. 9. Time: it is type of waste but if too much broad yo explain it. It can human time for waiting or processing time. We Dan consider it in Motion or processing waste depending where is wasted. 10. Transportation : it is one of the seven types of waste which adds no value and customer does not pay for it.

SMED concept is given by Shigeo Shingo's and is a lean technique which is used for reducing the setup or change over time at the factory process.As the name reflecting, Single Minute Exchange of Die aims to reduce setup time to single minutes or less in other words we can say that changeover time should be less than 10 minutes. SMED has been developed within Toyota Production System(TPS). Initially in starting of industries, hours of time taken for change over.The most common example of change over we can see changing of tire. If we see formula one racing car, PIT has reduced their tire change time form 15 minutes to 15 seconds or even less than this. Ferraro has achieved it even less than five seconds. SMED is all about to remove all wasteful steps in the changeover process. SMED needed at shop floor because if changeover times consumes many hours and we try to get maximum output from these machines by minimizing the non value adding activity or changeover. if we are going to produce smaller batches then there is need to reduce changeover time. The main aim of SMED is to reduce setup time and it works and it plays a very important role to run JIT and KANBAN properly at shop floor. SMED has following benifits: SMED can reduce handling equipment loss by turning it to automatic operation. Lead time can be reduced Can increase capacity of line Can improve quality Helps to produce a variety of products in short span of time Shop floor space utilization properly Can reduce scrap quantity While implementing SMED at shop floor , following steps are followed : Differentiate and separate both internal & external activities while setup Standardization of external setup activities Conversion of internal to external setup activities Continuous improvement in internal changeover activities Continuous improvement in external changeover activities Autonomation setup Elimination of changeover After implementation of above seven steps, we can see improvement in changeover time and it can be standardize further to be effective and to use properly for other team member and further take a goal to reduce more and improve the productivity.

Internet of Things has the power that can change the world. it is improving every aspects of life if we look around we are seeing everywhere people are habitual to use modern and new technological things. we can see impact of IoT in different segments of life; 1. Human being day to day life: we are using internet nowadays very much. previously we used to wait for all things but nowadays all information is in front of us within seconds. simple example of our household items, slowly our fire alarm, video camera, home security, our AC, TV, Refrigerator already connected via internet. Through various app we can switch them on or off depends on our requirement and it saves electricity too and other benefits also. 2. Agriculture: Agriculture sector is much more impacted by IoT, before we did not had very much information about weather and information about various crops, their improvement , fertility of sand, compositions, minerals and much more. nowadays we all have in front of us, we can easily know when is rain about to come so we can take countermeasure accordingly, we can cut our crops and measure its quality parameters so that we can know how we can improve our productivity and less waste while cultivating. through internet a farmer knows that rate of his crops in advance so that he can wait for the exact time to sell. 3. Food Industry: in food industry also we use Internet very much. while processing food, we use so many sensors which identifies defective and ok . we process thousands of tons of food daily and control its output quality and can forecast its demand in future and now. 4. Health Industry: in health industry internet has made a revolutionary change.Complex surgeries are very easy nowadays and fast. we can see inside a human body whats going inside. For example if in a surgery MRI of human brain done but not knowing whats going, we can send reports to doctors immediately via many apps and can consult about treatment. So many technologies improvement via machine, robots and much more. 5. Manufacturing Industry: in this sector also so many technological improvement via internet. We can control our vehicles nowadays via internet and can see even maps in our cars and can track our journey. We can see via rear camera . Nowadays so advanced cars that run automatically without any driver. We can forecast our design standard and performance of our designed cars and their simulation test and much more.

IMPORTANT task are the task which are long term goals or plan or task which go for long time and needs daily attention. For example making a Monthly MIS is important because it takes entire month activity, making a presentation of your projects which you are doing for improvement. in other words we can say that important tasks are the tasks which have longer deadline to finish the task. URGENT tasks are the tasks which have shorter deadlines and require quick action or the situations where you have to give quick response.for example to pick up a call, somebody meets with an accident, then its urgent to take him hospital on immediate basis and give first-aid on the other hand to give treatment on time to recover patient fast and better is IMPORTANT, so it depends on the situation also what and where are we doing? here are some examples below: It is urgent to catch the bus to be on time for appearing in the exam but its important to study for qualifying the exam. Its urgent to resolve the problem at customer end but its important to deliver defect free parts to customer. To get better physique is important but its not urgent So we can divide our day to day activity in four categories: 1. Tasks which are important as well as urgent too for example to give answer on this forum before 6 pm today is urgent and important. 2. Tasks which are important but not urgent. for example exercise, to make a call to your relative, long term plan for your goal 3. Tasks which are urgent but not important. for example interview scheduling, to resolve customer problem on spot 4. task which are neither important nor urgent. for example checking your spam box, checking your social media, checking you mobile call log, checking comments

Operation Definition , it is clear, concise and unambiguous statement that provides a unified understanding of the data for all involved before the data is collected or the metric is developed. For any data collection activity, OD should be established for each data element that will be collected.Operational Definition constitutes following: Who collects the data? How are the data collected? What data are collected? Where are the sources of the data? When are the data collected. OD also provides the metric and tell who is the responsible or answerable to its results or in other words we can say that it provides an interpretation of the metric. for example in some organizations, might be possible that a highly accurate required because of regulatory or reporting requirements.So accurate data are required and necessary to drive and sustain real improvement. in aerospace industries we need very high accurate data. and there are some organizations which have processes that deliver data to the other organizations. for example a payroll data regularly reported to the internal revenue service. the consequences associated with poor data accuracy can be quite trouble some an dhave a strong negative impact on the individual who is depending on the data.