Correction:

 

It is providing a fix or a solution for a defect or non-conformance. It can be either a workaround solution / temporary solution for an existing defect/non-conformance.  More often than not, this could be an immediate action required to address the issue.

 

Eg:  Sometimes a critical application (say in production or in test environment or User Advanced Testing(UAT) environment) might not reflect the new changes when re-deployed again. It could be because the application can still point to old files/code,  probably say, due to server caching the old files. Now to make matters worse, if this has got severe impact, then this needs to be addressed immediately.  To correct this immediately, a Server restart could be needed to clear cache memory issues

 

Corrective Action: 

It provides a permanent solution to fix.  It normally provides a sequence of processing steps to correct the non-conformance issue.  Root cause analysis tools such as Fishbone diagram, Paretto chart can help analyse the issues and then accordingly the corrective action steps can be defined.

 

Eg:  Considering the same example of a critical application (say in production) not reflecting the changes made. So as temporary measure, we restarted the server and provided a quick fix.  Now everytime when we face this issue (Whenever new functionality is added/changes are made into the application), we cannot restart the server at every time.

 

As a result, we need to provide a permanent fix. So one way to provide a fix is to add a time-stamped value to the existing file(s) which have the new functionalities/changes covered and the server automatically picking the time-stamped changed files and ensure it uses the latest file(s) for the application, when the application is redeployed on the server.  

 

With this fix, this specific issue of cache memory may not occur. There may be multiple ways to fix this issue and this is one approach. But the objective is to have this issue permanently resolved.

However again, this corrective action may not be suffice.  The whole issue is about the new functionalities not visible in the application. So what else can stop these functionalities from being visible. So there could be multiple areas/failure points that need to be addressed or taken into consideration.  This is where preventive action comes into play

 

Preventive Action

 

It helps in providing series of steps or checklists, using which we can prevent the occurrence of similar kind of defect/non-conformance issues.  Usage of tools such as Design FMEA process, Pugh Matrix (for optimal solution), Known Error DataBase (KEDB-knowledge repository), pattern analysis, trend analysis........can lend value to this. 

 

Eg:  Every now and then we add new functionalities to the critical application, as it keeps growing. The chance of application not having new functionalities would become more. So to avoid facing issues before they arise, we create a checklist and where we anticipate changes in the code or need design changes, we make it ready before it happens  

 

Let us also see some more examples as how these 3 – Correction, Corrective Action and Predictive Action wok in a typical IT support.

 

Correction: 

In a Support environment, an application or a functionality may not be available. A severity 1 incident might be fixed which requires an immediate fix/solution to be applied. Such a solution provided is a Correction to the issue of non-conformance

 

Corrective Action: 

When the application/functionality is not available or down, frequently, then we try to provide a permanent fix by creating a Problem Record (reactive Problem Management).  The permanent fix (solution) might take some time and then would ensure that the issues are not repeated again.  Tools like KEDB can be used to track similar incidents and a common solution can be arrived at.

 

Preventive Action:                                                                                                                                                                                   

By identifying the incident patterns/incident trends, we can find potential blocks related to the situations / scenarios as when the application/functionality can go down. Accordingly corresponding code changes/design changes can be down.  This is Proactive Problem Management. Tools like Kepner-Tregoe can be used for proactive problem management

 

Are there situations where both preventive action and corrective action are undesirable and correction is the only  preferred action? 

 

There can be scenarios where this can happen though in very rare circumstances and can depend with the type of business and the kind of service that organisations want to provide their to their customers . Providing one such instance here

                                                                                                          

      a).  When there is an instant fix to be done immediately because of a severe impact caused by a defect, then Correction is the only option.  If the corrective action takes time to implement, because there could be a considerable code change or design change, then Senior management  / key stakeholders would not like to wait as till such time, the issue would keep on occurring. So that may result in unhappy customers. There may not be even a preventive action if the corrective action is the only way to prevent it (Say for example if it needs design change to prevent re-occurrence). So as a result, the Correction, which would be a temporary fix predominantly might be used in order to avoid the issue.

 

Say for instance, the correction , could be restart of a server or a bring up an application to live on a daily basis  (may be that will make the application down for few minutes – but its still better than when we try to make a corrective action – for which the solution will take time and for this the business  impact/customer expectation will be more on the negative side). Hence in this case,  Correction is preferred over Corrective and Preventive Action

correction, corrective and preventive action

ISO DEFINITION OF CORRECTION: A CORRECTION IS ANY ACTION THAT IS TAKEN TO ELIMINATE A NONCONFORMITY.
CORRECTION IS LIKE FIRST-AID, ITS THE INSTANT ACTION THAT IS TAKEN TO CORRECT THE NONCONFORMITY OR TO REDUCE THE IMPACT NONCONFORMITY THAT HAS OCCURRED.
ISO DEFINITION OF CORRECTIVE ACTION:CORRECTIVE ACTIONS ARE STEPS THAT ARE TAKEN TO REMOVE THE CAUSES OF AN EXISTING NONCONFORMITY OR UNDESIRABLE SITUATION.
CORRECTIVE ACTION WILL TARGET THE ROOT CAUSE SO THAT THE NON-CONFORMITY OR UNDESIRABLE SITUATION DO NOT RE-OCCUR. CORRECTIVE ACTION CAN BE CONSIDERED AS A ‘PROBLEM SOLVING’.
ISO DEFINITION OF PREVENTIVE ACTION:PREVENTIVE ACTIONS ARE STEPS THAT ARE TAKEN TO REMOVE THE CAUSES OF POTENTIAL NONCONFORMITIES OR POTENTIAL SITUATIONS THAT ARE UNDESIRABLE.
PREVENTIVE ACTION IS LIKE FAILURE MODE EFFECT ANALYSIS (FMEA) OR RISK MANAGEMENT. WHERE THE NON-CONFORMITY OR UNDESIRABLE SITUATION HAVE NOT ACTUALLY OCCURRED. WE NEED TO ANTICIPATE THE CORRECTION: REPAIR, REWORK, OR ADJUSTMENT AND RELATES TO THE 
CORRECTION: REPAIR, REWORK, OR ADJUSTMENT AND RELATES TO THE DISPOSITION OF AN EXISTING NONCONFORMITY.
CORRECTIVE ACTION: THE ACTION TAKEN TO ELIMINATE THE CAUSES OF AN EXISTING NONCONFORMITY, DEFECT OR OTHER UNDESIRABLE SITUATION IN ORDER TO PREVENT RECURRENCE.
PREVENTIVE ACTION TAKEN TO ELIMINATE THE CAUSE OF A POTENTIAL NONCONFORMITY, DEFECT, OR OTHER UNDESIRABLE SITUATION IN ORDER TO PREVENT OCCURRENCE.

CORRECTION, CORRECTIVE ACTION, OR PREVENTIVE ACTION?
EXAMPLE WRONG LABEL APPLIED ON  FINISH GOODS   PACK/BOX
CORRECTION : IS TO  REPLACE THE LABEL ON PACK THAT HAD THE WRONG LABEL APPLIED.
CORRECTIVE ACTION :SET A PROCEDURE OF CHECKING LABEL  BEFORE APPLYING.
APPLY 5 WHYS TO DETERMINE THE ACTUAL CAUSE TO TAKE THE CAPA.
WRONG LABEL APPLIED- 
 MANUAL ERROR- MISSED TO FOLLOW PROCEDURE- TRAINING FAILED-TRAINING EVALUATION NOT DONE BEFORE PUTTING ON JOB.
PRINTING ERROR /PRINTER ISSUES- MISSED TO CHECK FOR ERROR BEFORE APPLYING- SOP NOT FOLLOWED -LACK OF TRAINING- UPDATED PROCESS NOT A PART OF TRAINING.
OTHER COULD BE PRINTER ISSUE NEEDS TO BE REPAIRED.
ONCE YOU CONCLUDE THE RIGHT CAUSE ,NEXT IS TO  TAKE A PREVENT THE CAUSE FROM RE OCCURRING.

PREVENTIVE ACTION : IS TO ANTICIPATE THE PROBABLE FAILURE -CAUSES AND WORK TOWARDS THAT ERROR/ FAILURE WILL NOT OCCUR AT ALL.
HAVE RIGHT PROCEDURE IN PLACE FOR TRAINING & EVALUATION METHOD.
COMMUNICATING ON THE UPDATES PROACTIVELY.

 

Are there situations where both preventive action and corrective action are undesirable and correction is the only  preferred action? 

Yes. Giving a first aid to a person who is collepsed. The only action/attempt to try to rescue & take him to a nearest medical.

 

If we made a transaction wrong and got identified by quality auditor, immediately we need to make some action to correct that error is called correction.

 

Then for that error, doung root cause analysis and identify the causes - then put some control in place or take necessary action like implementing automation etc will lead to prevent of recurring that error. This is corrective action.

 

Before making any error, identifying all the error prone areas and its potential causes - then implementing best control in place to mitigate the error occurrence is called preventive action. FMEA is one of the example for preventive controls and mitigate the risk.

 

Both corrective and preventive actions are desirable.. But when the error occured, immediately correction is required instead of looking corrective action and why its not been looked earlier in preventive controls.

Sr.no.	Correction	Corrective Action	Preventive action
1	Correction is an action taken to eliminate a detected nonconformity/problem	Action to eliminate the cause of a detected nonconformity/problem.	Action to eliminate the cause of a potential nonconformity/Problem
2	Correction addresses the short-term need and gets immediate attention.	Corrective action is a long-term solution.	Preventive action is a Futuristic solution.
3	It is a fire fighting process.	Corrective action is a reactive process and it is performed to bring the deviation under control	Preventive action is a proactive process
4	For corrections problem has already occurred.	For corrective action problem has already occurred.	For Preventive Action a problem has not yet occurred
5		Root cause analysis, 5 Whys’s, Ishikawa diagram	Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) or risk management, Fault Tree Analysis.

Example:-

In this Diwali vacation, you have planned to visit you parents. You are on the way with your wife in your new car. Suddenly you one of your tire is punctured. Now you need to change the tire in your new Diwali clothes. But when you open your trunk you get even bigger surprise that there is no spare tire.

Now for above example your correction, Corrective action and preventive action will be as follows.

Correction:- Call for help from nearby place and get your tire repaired.

Corrective action:- To keep an extra spare tire in your trunk. This will help us when similar problem is repeated.

Preventive action:- Before using the car, we should check the basic requirement to run the car. Like, Fuel, tire pressure, spare tire, water level, etc. This is to prevent other possible problem that can come in a car.

 

I think the question about a situation where correction is only desired solution, is a googly. Because I don’t think there is any situation/problem, where you will neglect corrective actions/ preventive actions

Correction is the immediate action taken to eliminate the nonconformity or to minimise the effect of nonconformity. Its like fixing the current issue. For example if fire has broken out at some place, put the fire out.

Corrective action is the action taken to remove the 'cause of nonconformity'. It targets the root cause of the nonconformance to avoid its reccurence. These actions are taken after the nonconformance has taken place. For example identifying the cause of fire and action taken to prevent its recurrence.

Preventive action are those steps which are taken to remove the causes of 'potential nonconformance'. These actions are taken before the occurrence of nonconformance. Its a risk management activity and involves the use of tools like FMEA. For example it will involve all those steps which will stop fire from happening at all potential locations.

Truly speaking, i am not able to think of a situation where corrective and preventive actions both are undesirable and correction is the only preferred action.

“Correction” action to eliminate a detected nonconformity.

A correction can be, for example, rework or regrading

“Corrective action” action to eliminate the cause of a detected non-conformity or other undesirable situation.

Corrective action is taken to prevent recurrence.

“Preventive action” action to eliminate the cause of a potential non-conformity or other undesirable situation

There can be more than one cause for a potential nonconformity.

Preventive action is taken to prevent occurrence.

A very simple example that came to mind to describe the 3 terms is as below:

1)      A very recent incident at a neighboring office where a fire broke out in the kitchen, immediately fire extinguishers were used to calm down the fire – this action is ‘correction’

2)      After the fire broke out – taking ‘corrective action’ is understanding what caused the fire, and ensuring that fire doesn’t break out once again (preventing recurrence)

3)      ‘Preventive action’  - is ensuring that fire doesn’t break out ever again (stopping another fire accident related event happening)

The same situation can occur for products, services, processes, delivery of goods etc., and we all face the challenges of choosing a reactive or a proactive approach situation at work or in personal life.

 

 

 

	Correction	Corrective Action	Preventive Action
	Action to eliminate a detected nonconformity or other undesirable situation.	Action to eliminate the cause of a detected nonconformity or other undesirable situation.	Action to eliminate the cause of a potential nonconformity or other undesirable situation.
	A correction can be made in conjunction to a corrective action	There can be more than one cause for nonconformity	There can be more than one cause for nonconformity
	Correction is like first-aid, its the instant action that is taken to correct the nonconformity or to reduce the impact nonconformity that has occurred.	Corrective action will target the root cause so that the non-conformity or undesirable situation do not re-occur. Corrective Action can be considered as a ‘Problem Solving’.	Preventive action is like Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) or risk management. Where the non-conformity or undesirable situation have not actually occurred. We need to anticipate the risks or un-desirable situation that may occur and than think of actions that shall eliminate the cause of non-conformity.

 

Situation in a Quick Service Restaurant:

 

At Peak rush hour it is realised , because of a customer complaint that the Chocolate Milkshake dispensed from the shake machine is not flavourful enough- It is obvious that the Chocolate syrup, that provides flavor, is less in the shake mix (Condensed & Chilled Milk). The cause is that the tube that pushes the calibrated amount of Chocolate, in the mixing chamber, is bent. Hence, the flow is disrupted. It is obvious that the tube is more than due for replacement. But there is no tube available for replacement.

 

Correction:

-          Apologise and Request the customer to opt for some other flavor

-          Dispense the syrup manually and mix the shake again and give to the customer, if the product quality standard can be maintained.

-          Try to straighten the tube and place it correctly in the prescribed alignment

 

Corrective Action:

-          Ensure that extra tubes are maintained in the restaurant

 

Preventive Action :

-          Ensure that Preventive Maintenance  is followed diligently – and there is a Calendar that is maintained and verified by the manager.

 

Given the same situation as mentioned above, There is a possibility that the cause for the tube was because of it getting caught between the door gasket of the mixing chamber and is a once in a blue moon incident(Just by chance). The bent tube would straighten on it’s own in few minutes, once it would get free from the clasp of the gasket.

The whole effort to  arrange for replacements and then plan an extra step in the PM would be an absolute waste due to the false alarm during peak period rush. Both the actions to prevent the cause or presumed cause is not required in this situation.

Let us also keep in mind that for Corrective action and Preventive action, we need to invest time and effort on RCA or / and FMEA . There is also a need to document and maintain the details of the action and measure and analyse the impact. We must also keep in mind that ,there is also a scope of risking the process effectiveness or causing variations in the process while implementing the CAPA. There is a risk of detrimental impact also- for example the quality of the tubes that are used as replacement in the above scenario, may not be conducive for cleaning process and may cause bacterial infestation – this can cause a major health hazard.

 

It is hence important to remember that Implementation of corrective and preventive actions is the path towards improvement and effectiveness of Quality Management Systems. Many a times Investigations to root cause may conclude that no corrective or preventive actions are required, and additionally may suggest simple corrections to a problem with no identified systemic root cause. When multiple investigations end in no corrective action, and the occurrence of a defect/ nonconformity becomes repetitive ,a new problem statement with expanded scope may be generated, and a more thorough investigation to root cause performed.

 

Thus it is not necessary to always go ahead with a CAPA without assessing the attached effort and risk.

Correction:  Setting right a problem, 
Immediate in nature

Problem has already occurred 
Corrective Action:  Setting right / Eliminating the cause of a problem
Near Future

Cause of the problem exists
Preventive Action:  Setting right / Eliminating the cause of a potential problem
Distant Future

Cause of the potential problem is perceived 

Anticipated problem is eliminated by putting in controls and measures

 

 

Descriptions	Correction	Corrective action	Preventive action
Definitions	Action taken to eliminate the defect identified.	Action performed to identify & eliminate the root cause to prevent the recurrence of the defect.	Action taken to prevent the potential / suspectable causes of the defects and its occurences
Waste Classification - Rework	Rework is required	Fix the bug to prevent its recurrence to avoid rework, investing time and human resources to work on the root cause	Proactive measure taken  inorder to avoid the potential causes of defects / rework
Focus on	Current issues / problems	Current issues / Problems	Proactive ameasures to Futuristic problems
Situations where we deploy what	When the product is unused or defect identified before it reaches the customer	The product that does not meet the customer expectation after it reaches the customer. This situation is to be considered serious.	1. Potential defects / errrors 2. When we want to improve the processes by creating a defect free / zero error environment ( Also called developmental action)
Frequency of the defect / problem	once in a while	Very often but after the shipment	Since it is a proactive measure, the defect is yet to occur in this case.
Tools used	-	Why why analysis, Fish bone analysis, Process flows, Is/Is not	FMEA, Control impact matrix
Type of solution	Immediate	short term solution	Long term solution
Procedure	Fix it immediately	1. Identify the defect / error 2. Fix the bug first. 3. Analyse & Identify the root cause 4. Find & Implement the solution 5. Document and create the control to sustain the improvements.	1. List all potential failures 2. Create control for all failurs identified 3. Implement solutions 4. Document 5. Create control plan and if required, Reengineer the process & Document.
Examples 1. Quality of the chart with error % of 10%, wheras the acceptable is 5%	Once in a while occurred, but corrected the chart during an audit and billed to client	Identify the root cause - Coder is not aware of the concept since it was a new update. Hence corrective action of training was taken to all the coders to prevent its recurrences.	Rule based tool for computer assisted coding tool is implemented with coding updates, sothat  proactively the errors are arrested while coding itself and the errors are rectified before it goes out to the client.
Example 2 . A government regulated shut down restaurant in terms of violation of rules and regulations of sanitary practices	Immediate correction of adapting the policies provided	Requirement to separate work areas, establish acceptable processes and perform cleaning tasks by creating the check lists, display the process steps in the kitchen area for all to adapt to rules.	A automated machineries to perform the actions listed. A regualr trainings & frequent audits to confirm  the rules are adhered to.

 

 

Conclusion:

Are there situations where both preventive action and corrective action are undesirable and correction is the only  preferred action? 

 

There are no such situations that only correction is preferred and CAPA is not required.

Any organisation who wants to delight the customer would rather opt CAPA instead of correction.

A immediate fix would not be a permanent solution to in the high tech environment.

Hence CAPA is required to delight the customer and Correction is required if defect is identified and to satisfy the customer.

 

Thanks

Kavitha

 

Dear Participants,

 

I would thank each one of you for your continuous effort in providing outstanding inputs and supporting the community in building world best class business excellence glossary. 

 

I need to take this moment to appreciate members including Venugopal, Mona Bhandari, Arunesh Ramalingam, Kavitha Sundar &  Rajesh Chakrabarty for their valuable inputs on the topic with very good examples.

 

Arunesh Ramalingam has articulated the response in a very structured manner and concluded his statement by mentioning that if an identified defect/non-conformity is an isolated/one-off incident and if it is low risk to business and customers then it is better and adequate to use correction as a remedy. This is true and investing time and resources for understanding the root cause of the problem is a non-value added activity.

 

Thank you all again for sharing your thoughts.

While correction is generally unavoidable, corrective actions and preventive actions are mostly optional. Describe the three terms with suitable example(s).

 

 

Correction:

·         Definition: In general words; corrections is an action to solve, fix or eliminate the detected nonconformity or defective product/service. In organizations; correction is utilized as a first-aid as it is an instant action taken to correct the nonconformity or to reduce the impact nonconformity that has occurred. For corrections, we need a process-specific instructions. It is a reactive action.

·         Points to keep in mind while using Correction:

o   How big the problem/defect is?

o   How to prevent the problem/defect to get it bigger?

o   How to address the current situation?

·         Importance/Advantages:

o   Organization gets a quick solution of nonconform product/service and get it back to conform stage.

o   Cost effective.

·         Disadvantages:

o   It only deals with the current situation.

o   If the problem/defect is occurring again and again; it does not explain the root cause of the problem.

o   It is only utilized for short-term needs or immediate actions; so correction can not prevent similar future problems or defects.

·         When to utilize?

o   When the defects/problems are isolated and low risks to business and customers.

o   External factors or sudden environmental factors due to which the defect/problem has occurred.

o   Sometimes; companies don’t have much time to basically drill down and find the root cause of the defect; at that moment correction actions are taken into consideration.

·         Examples:

o   Example 1:

§  Problem: While delivering 100 glasses to a customer 10 glasses broke down on the way.

§  Correction Action: Immediately dispatch the broken 10 glasses to the customer

o   Example 2:

§  Problem: While going on a ride, suddenly your bike breaks down and you find that the spark plug is full or carbon.

§  Correction Action: Immediately clean the spark plug and you will back on drive.

 

Corrective Actions:

·         Definition: Corrective action is taken to recognize the root cause(s) of a detected nonconformity and taking action to eliminate the root cause(s) to prevent recurrence of the nonconformity. Corrective actions requires a high-level problem-solving skills. Corrective Actions can be implemented using; Error Proofing, Visible or Audible Alarms, Process Redesign, Product Redesign, Improvements to maintenance schedules or Improvements to material handling or storage

·         Points to keep in while using Corrective Actions:

o   The similar type of defects/problems is occurring again and again.

o   A detailed process map is required to make sure the corrective actions are taken effective and the detected nonconformity doesn’t occur again

o   You need to consider multiple factors while implementing corrective actions

·         Importance/Advantages:

o   If the organization is following a monotonous process; corrective actions can help producing 100% defect free process/production/service.

o   Corrective Actions can help solve some of the futuristic defects/problems by prospering utilizing root cause analysis process.

o   Corrective Actions takes multiple factors into consideration and has a detailed and defined solution.

·         Disadvantages:

o   It is costly and needs skilled or educated employees who can help in data validation, problem-solving and finding root causes of the problem/defects.

o   It doesn’t deal with any sudden situations or environmental/natural changes.

o   It can’t be utilized if it is just one-time process/production/service.

·         When to utilize?

o   When bulk production/services are required.

o   When the organization is looking for long-term improvements.

·         Examples:

o   Example 1:

§  Problem: While delivering 100 glasses to a customer 10 glasses broke down on the way.

§  Correction Action: We will determine why 10 glasses broke down and try to implement that this doesn’t happen again.

o   Example 2:

§  Problem: While going on a ride, suddenly your bike breaks down and you find that the spark plug is full or carbon.

§  Correction Action: We will always keep an extra spark plug.

 

Preventive Actions:

·         Definition: Preventive actions are steps that are taken to remove the causes of potential nonconformities or potential situations that are undesirable. Lets understand this actions are not made for any detected or already occurred nonconformity. Preventive action is like Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) or risk management; where the non-conformity or undesirable situation has not actually occurred and we need to anticipate the risks or un-desirable situation that may occur and then think of actions that shall eliminate the cause of non-conformity.

·         Preventive Action have to be identified protectively, against the potential non-conformities, risks, defects or non-compliances. It is a proactive process.

·         Points to keep in while using Preventive Actions:

o   Understand the risks or problems/defects which might occur due to the situations.

o   Sufficient data should be available to implement these actions.

o   Defects have not yet occurred; these are just “what if” situations.

·         Importance/Advantages:

o   Implementing these actions; organizations can have a fair idea on the upcoming consequences and be prepared if they occur.

o   Preventive action is a proactive process to identify opportunities for improvement rather than a simple reaction to identified problems or complaints.

o   Improves efficiency.

·         Disadvantages:

o   Too costly and again requires a specific team to work on the analysis.

o   These are just “what if” situations and based on historic and futuristic ideas or analysis.

o   Doesn’t deal with sudden changes or changes caused due to environmental or natural.

·         When to utilize?

o   When bulk production/services are required.

o   When the organization is looking for long-term improvements or trying to achieve 100% efficiency (this is practically not possible).

·         Examples:

o   Example 1:

§  Problem: While delivering 100 glasses to a customer 10 glasses broke down on the way.

§  Correction Action: As a preventive action; organization will analyze all the causes because of which the glasses can break and always theoretically try to achieve 100% accuracy.

o   Example 2:

§  Problem: While going on a ride, suddenly your bike breaks down and you find that the spark plug is full or carbon.

§  Correction Action: Before going for a long drive, you shall anticipate what all can go wrong or the undesirable situations. And shall identify the preventive action for all the undesirable situations or problems.

 

 

Are there situations where both preventive action and corrective action are undesirable and correction is the only  preferred action?

 

 

Below are the situations where both preventive action and corrective action are undesirable and correction is the only  preferred action:

·         Suppose a company has received an order to make 10 units from a client and that is also a one-time production required. If they find a defect in one of the product; they will always implement correction actions as they are cost-effective and quick.

·         In a visualization industry; while you are at a client meeting and suppose designing a logo for the client; none of us can predict how and what way the client will like the logo; you have to rework again and again to make sure the logo is prepared as per the client requirement.

·         In a recruitment industry when you are recruiting for a certain manager; you come to know what exactly he wants. But as a recruiter when you represent a candidate to the manager and he is not able to clear the interview or not up to the standards of the manager’s nice to have skills; you will have to again work on the same requirement and find a new candidate.

·         Similarly in all sudden/environmental/natural changes; we have to implement only correction actions.

Dear Participants,

 

I hope you all are having good festive time. 

 

Thank you all for your continuous effort in providing answers with detailed explanations and good examples. Kudos to everyone!!!

 

Best answer chosen was the one provided by Venugopal R. His response was unique and the examples provided was very clear and to the point. His closure statement: effort vs pay-off decisions will have to be taken depending upon factors viz.  Criticality of the failures, safety implications, impact on business credibility etc. is remarkable.

I take this opportunity to appreciate other members (Gurupreet Singh, Raghavendra Rao, Mona Bhandari & Arunesh Ramalingam)who were very close & their responses were good and well-articulated.

 

Thank you all again for being very active and sharing your valuable inputs.

 

Advance Diwali Wishes.