Shiva Kumar V

Burn in test is a process of evaluating components before it is placed for service. This testing process will force certain failure to occur before it is sold in the market. Also, to understand and establish the load capacity which the tool can handle. During burn in test, it is usually necessary to give more pressure/stress which is above the stated capacity to check the capability of the product which has been designed. As a result of this test it becomes easy to define the lifetime of the product which it may last. Advantages : Helps to determine the faulty rate of the product Helps to know the reliability of the product Helps to determine the estimated useful life of the product To identify the root cause of the manufacturing process Identify the faulty products before it gets marketed Example: Ensuring quality LED high bay lights, bulbs, and lighting fixtures require deploying rigorous quality control equipment and testing standards before it is put to use. The LED light testing kit helps to run full operation tests under fluctuating voltages and ensures that LED products perform at their best even in excess voltage. The LED testing kit also helps in running dimming test which is vital to ascertain optimal performance.

Gemba The first “G” is called the Gemba. “Go to the real place” The Gemba is the place where the event took place /at the source of the problem. It is critical that your team start by jointly going to the Gemba to start your investigation. Genbutsu The second “G” is known as Genbutsu. “Examine the Object/tool”. While at the Gemba, your team observe the equipment parts and materials that were involved in the equipment failure. In most cases, the part may have been removed or replaced before the team has assembled. Hence, your team must keep the failed part handy to perform analysis to see if you can find any evidences to see how the part failed. Genjitsu The third “G” is Genjitsu. “Check the real facts”, for this step, your team must gather all the available data about the process, equipment, and materials before and after the equipment failure. This data will play a key role in link the facts behind the evidence that the team sees and understand what really happened. Genri The fourth “G” represents Genri. “Vefiy the Principles” Having the principles of operation available while your team is gathering data about the equipment is key in being able to position the correct movement of the equipment. This will help your team clearly see how the equipment is different from standard. Gensoku The fifth “G” is Gensoku. “Check the Process SOPs/Standard practices” There is a chance that the equipment didn’t just fail because it was poorly manufactured. The team must also have knowledge of the operating procedures that administer the actions of the machine operator and verify that human intervention did not lead to the equipment failure. You should reference your process SOPs, instruction manual during your investigation Example: Car accident Steps Car Accident 1 Gemba Go to the real place Visit the service station where the accident has happened 2 Genbutsu Examine the Object/tool Examine the car which met with an accident 3 Genjitsu Check the real facts Evaluate the conditions of the car and other facts 4 Genri Verify the Principles Verify the driving & highway principles 5 Gensoku Check the Process SOPs/Standard practices Check SOP of how the operate the car

Cycle time” can mean the total time elapsed between Order placed and received by customer. Takt Time : Available Minutes for Production / Required Units of Production = Takt Time Overall Equipment Efficiency (OEE) = Availability * Performance * Yield The target cycle time for all processes is takt time multiplied by the OEE. Per the statement if I can use the example, your takt time is 100 seconds, and your OEE is 95%, then all processes have a target cycle time of 95 seconds. Which is very opt basis your process dynamics. If your processes are doing great has no buffers or process challenges then your process OEE would be close to 100% then your calculated Takt time becomes your target cycle time. To elaborate more you have processes where we know that the OEE is different because of the process dynamics, which is very key to calculate the target cycle time.

Customer Journey Map is a powerful method for understand what motivates your customers - what their needs are, their hesitations are, and concerns. While most organizations are practically good at collating data about their customers, data alone fails to give insights about the frustrations and experiences the customer experienced. We can provide this view using customer journey map. What is Customer Journey Map ? Customer journey map uses storytelling and visuals to show the connection a customer has with a business over a period of time. The story is built from the viewpoint of customer, which gives insight into the total experience which the customer has under undergone. This helps your team to understand and address customer needs and pain points as they experience your product or service. In other words, mapping out the customer journey gives your business the chance to see how you company first engages a potential customer, and then moves through the touchpoints of the entire sales process. Usage in Design Thinking: It is essential to understand the customer journey in detail from beginning till the end of customer services. Usage of this method is practical and helps to understand the different steps which customer undergoes to get the required services, which in turn helps to identify the areas which needs to be improved to deliver better. Example Research Find suitable stay Negotiation Proceed to book the stay Check in During the stay Check out

Yamazumi is a Japanese word, means Stack-up! Yamazumi chart is a stacked bar chart that shows line balancing of cycle time, workloads b/w number of operators typically in an assembly line/work cell. Yamazumi chart can be used to one or multiple products in the assemble line. Toyota used this chart to visually present the series of task and facilitates work balance long with elimination of NVAs If productivity to be improved you need to be aware of where your time is going and what are the value-added steps and non-value added steps, if you fail to identify the VA and NVAs then productivity will suffer. To identify the VA’s and NVA’s Yamazumi chart would be helpful.

There 2 tests available to compare variances for more than 2 populations, namely: Bartlett's test of variance – You can use this test If your sample comes from normally distributed data. In other words, It is used to test the variances are equal for all the samples drawn. It checks that the assumption of equal variances is true before using certain statistical tests like the One-Way ANOVA etc.,. It’s used only when you’re fairly certain that your data comes from a normal distribution. Levene's test – This is an alternate to Bartlett’s test when the sample comes from non-normal data Concept of confidence intervals (CI) : The population variance gives an indication of how the data set is spread out and it is typically impossible to know exact population parameter(variance).for this reason, we use a topic in statistics called confidence intervals.. It refers that the probability that a population parameter will fall between a set of values for a certain proportion of times. For a variance from a normal distribution with unknown mean, a two-sided, 100(1 - α)% confidence interval is calculated and for two-sided intervals, the distance from the variance to each of the limits is different. Thus, instead of stating the distance to the limits we state the width of the interval

Test of goodness of fit Test of homogeneity Test of independence Purpose It is a type of Hypothesis testing, where population data with unknown distribution is being tested to see whether it fits any known distribution or not It is a type of Hypothesis testing, is used to check if 2 population data set with unknown distribution has the same distribution as each other It is a type of Hypothesis testing, is used to decide whether two variables are dependent or independent Data used for testing Single qualitative data or single survey question or single outcome is used for test Single qualitative survey question or experiment given to two different population Two qualitative survey questions or Experiments Test Population is uniform, Normal, Same as another with the known distribution Check whether the 2 data sets has same distribution as each other To see if population is related or unrelated H0 & H1 H0 - Population fits the given distribution H0 - Two population follow the same distribution H0 - Two variables are independent H1 - Population doesn’t fit the given distribution H1 - Two population doesn't follow same distribution H1 - Two variables are dependent

Visual control: “One picture worth of thousand words” Visual control are means, devices, or mechanisms that were designed to manage or control our operations/processes to meet the following purposes: · Identification: Make the problem/deviation visible to everyone to take immediate corrective actions · Informative: Display the status in a simple format · Instructional: Provide instructions · Planning: Helps to formulate the plan and let others know what the plan with timelines (Example: Gantt chart) Visual control helps us to communicate without words and share information without any interruption, since this is communicated in a pictorial format which can be understood without any difficulties. Also, controls the human behavior by alerting each problems / deviations from standard.

Earned value (EV) is a project management technique which can be used to measure the project completion status again the project plan (Project schedule & budget) . In other words, It is a way to review the project progress by multiplying the project completion percentage with the project budget. (Earned Value = Project completion % X Estimated project budget) EV is quantitative technique in nature, and calculated by evaluating project actual performance(completion % and Actual cost incurred) against the project schedule and project estimated cost (budget). When is Earned Value is not a right measure? Earned value is project management technique which would not be opt when project scope changes, this method is mostly suitable for a waterfall method of project management but would be not be right for current trend as every project follows the agile way where is "Change is the only constant". When the data is not accurate or just an estimate then this model is not a right method to evaluate the project progress Mostly, if you represent EV as just a number it would not give you right reference as project progress unless you furnish relevant context of the project with supporting information

Body storming is a approach that allows design the thinkers to better empathize with consumes. In other words it’s a way where you can put yourself/thinkers in customer shoes and think like a customer to create a prototype of a product/design/process/solutions. Body storming is one that can be achieved through role play or physical involvement in ones that are in the question(customer). One of the creative thinking method used to generate ideas to design customer centric product /Services/Solutions. Let’s think you want to conduct a brainstorming activity across the board and you want to be prepared for the same, below listed steps to be followed to create best experience with the board members: Define the place where the brainstorming going to be held and go there as a team Understand the type of people and their mindset who is going to be part of the session Try to enact how people participate and reaction during the session Capture key inputs (capture pictures, list down the required properties, other requirements to conduct the session successfully etc) Analyze the individual findings and create plan considering inputs from all List of questions to be answered basis body-storming for the session: Question 1. how session needs to be conducted ? Question 2. What are the requirements of the session? Question 3. How to manage the participants ? etc.. Body-storming is creative way of planning for any events or designing the product of solutions, this method will help you to think by putting yourself in customers shoes..