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Inverted U theory is also known as Yerkes Dosdon Law.
What Is U theory - In our day to day project management often we work on deliverables which has to be met in a very tight timeline however is achievable. The project goal was met because of your unique skills. The project goal might have been difficult to achieve and there was pressure however the same was overcome and the result was amazing.
In contrast there might be a project which might have deadlines which were flexible however there was undue pressure which resulted in the work not as per expectation which led to multiple feedback from management or clients.
U theory states that there is a correlation between pressure and performance.
Who created it and When ? 
This was created by Robert Yerkes and John Dodson in 1908.
 
 
 

 
The name is given to this theory due to the curve created which helps to understand the correlation between pressure & performance. Optimum performance is achieved when the pressure is appropriate based on the work which is there at hand. Too much or too little pressure can be detrimental to the project goals.
The Left side of the above graph shows where there is less pressure where employees are not challenged to complete the task and thus the employees tries to do a work in a slopy manner.
The right hand side of the graph shows where there is excessive pressure on the employees due to which the performance is affected. This can result in the employee feeling stressed, panicked or hurried and leads to employee dissatisfaction.
The Inverted U theory shows that positive pressure is required however stress is never good and is always negative.
When there is positive pressure then persons feel motivated, challenged and engaged which helps person outperform .Where as excessive pressure leads to people feeling stressed and leads to anxiety. The idea is to use pressure in a rational way so that employees outperform.
The factors which influence of the Inverted U theory :- 
1.Skill Level – Skill level of a person directly affect there performance and effect the result and there attitude.
2. Personality – A persons personality also affects the performance. An extrovert person performs exceptionally when there is high pressure situation. For an introvert he might underperform in a high pressure circumstances.
3.Trait Anxiety -Team member who have high degree of self-confidence they are able  perform exceptionally well as compared to those who have low self-confidence.
4. Task Complexity – Complexity of the work is equally important. A highly complex work should be performed in less pressure whereas for a low complexity work certain amount of pressure is required to complete the task.
 

 

In any hypothesis testing we have to decide on the level of significance which is denoted by alpha. This is important as failure to choose correctly null hypothesis can cause Type 1 error.
 
IF α is small - There is lass chance of incorrectly rejecting a Null hypothesis (H0)
Since the power is low this decreases the chance of detecting an effect if one exists 
 
IF α is Large - There is a higher chance of incorrectly rejecting the Null hypothesis (H0)
Since the power is high there is high chance of detecting the effect
 
To Select α for a Hypothesis test we need to understand which mistake will be worse ,finding an effect which does not really exist or not finding an effect that does exists .
 
Examples where α is Small- 
 
1. Buying an expensive machine as the cost might be very high and we might set a very low α so that we are able to determine if there is any effect on productivity post buying the new machine
2. Fitting a new car model with a new engine Vs a old one 
3. Changing the breaking system in an elevator with a new mechanism which is more economical. This can have serious impact on safety if the machine fails to work
4. Changing a bearing in a jet plane with new ones which are less expensive
5. Using cheaper building material for construction to bring down overall cost of the project. In order to save money if the company replaces the material there can be serious implication to the lives of people
6. New Iron & steel used in a dam construction project from a different vendor who is offering a discount
7. New material used for GAS pipeline Vs the old one which can reduce the cost. If the company does not test this adequately then there can be major catastrophe and company can be answerable to government & public
 
Examples where α is Large-
 
1. Checking the effectiveness of a new delivery model for a chain of restaurant which is already getting customer complaints due to delivery delays
2.A new Sales strategy for a firm which is making losses due to low sales 
3. A decision for Digital strategy implementation for a company which is on verge of bankruptcy
4.A new repair allocation process for a Insurance company which is loosing customer base due to the high claims life cycle time 
 
The above are some examples which will help to decide whether to take a higher or lower α value. 

The Holy Trinity for any successful project hey are depicted in the above picture. The Success of a project is dependent on 3 important aspect which is schedule ,scope and budget . hey in order to make a project successful it is imperative that one site of the triangle should be in one’s control the other 2 can be in control of the customer.
If scope ,budget and schedule are in control off the customer there can be a challenge in the quality of the project deliverable . there are many organisation who face this challenge sense they have a very demanding customer who tries to have us very tight deadline ,tight budget and an extremely complex scope .this put a lot of pressure on the project team and at times the quality of the deliverable is compromised .this often leads to customer complaint and a vicious cycle where due to the unreasonable requirement of the customer the quality of the project is impacted .
please find below an example which covers examples where hey one side of the triangle is in control of the producer while the other 2 are in control of the customer .
1.    Client : Scope ,Schedule
Producer : Budget 
First example is when the customer has very tight schedule and define scope hey which cannot be altered .a phone manufacturer is planning to launch a new smartphone which has 5G capability .this phone is to be launched in the next 6 month .The mobile company gets in touch with a chip manufacturer and provides him a deadline off 3 months the buffer is kept as this software needs to be integrated with chip. the chip manufacturer in this case is the producer While mobile company is the client . the chip manufacturer is working on a very tight deadline and he has a specific call which needs to be achieved however if he has the budget in his control then he can deploy a subcontractor who can manufacture the chip on the contractors behalf .If the producer has a budget constrain then he would not be able to deploy additional resources in order to fulfil the mobile companies demand . 
2.    Client : Budget ,Schedule
Producer : Scope
In the second scenario the budget and schedule is restricted and is in control of the client whereas the scope is in control of the producer. A builder is approached by a customer  that he needs to build a house in a plot which he recently bought . The client informs the builder that his budget is fixed and since he is retiring he needs to move in the new house by the next 6 month's . In this scenario the client has given a fixed budget as well as schedule .the builder who is the producer in this example can clearly articulate at the beginning of the project that within this short frame of time he can only complete a duplex however certain amenities  like indoor swimming pool Or terrace garden cannot be completed within this time frame and budget .
3.    Client : Budget ,Scope
Producer : Schedule
In the 3rd scenario the budget and the scope is controlled by the client however the producer has control over the schedule . a watch manufacturer approaches a web designer to design their company web page .hey in this example the watch manufacturer is the client and the web designer is the producer .the watch manufacturer has a clear scope which he wants to include in the company website .The watch manufacturer might have already spent a lot of money in designing a new product line post marketing survey and analytics .they might be on a tight budget and hence the producer has to adhere  hey to the scope and budget of the client . In this case the web designer might have other customers who have their priorities and deadline which are very stringent .if the web designer has the schedule under his control then he can ensure that within the desired budget off the watch manufacturer the website is designed which meats the scope of the watch manufacturer.
The idea is to give the best quality by having one of the triangle in control of the producer so that they can do justice to the project deliverable .

Morphological matrix is a technique which were different alternatives are provided to a business problem 
Step 1 – Select the required Attribute :- list down all the critical attributes which are there are list the same down in a column
Step 2 – The next step is to make list of all the possible component for each attribute .
Step 3 – Combine components with Attributes and make as any combination as possible .the same can be done using brainstorming with the team and coming out with the best possible solution .Each of the component which has been identified by the team can be looking to further details to check what suits best.
This can be used in various scenarios :- 
1.    Film script to have different ending for the same story
2.    Theme of different TV series for an online streaming website
3.    Different features for a new product
4.    Creating different lesson plan for children 
5.    Creating list of different games that will be part of the party
Below is an example of a book ending & how a writer can choose what are the various endings . This will help him to be more creative and come out with a unique & unexpected ending which can make his book a best seller.
 

This can help an author to mix and match the ending and he has so many alternatives to end his story. He can change the ending as per his suitability . 
This can be one of the books ending :- 
 

 
This helps to make alternative choices and will help to make the solution more effective.
 

Dunning Kruger effect is a cognitive bias where a person feels he is more intelligent than others and understand the particular Task much better than the others. This kind of understanding might be there in any person because he hasn't got in depth knowledge about a particular field which makes him believe that is an expert in something which he might not be in reality .
 
This phenomenon is named after two social scientists who carried this experiment . They were David Dunning & Justin Kruger. The study was conducted on a group of 65 people who were tested on various fields which ranged from grammar , logic, humor. People who scored lowest in all 3 felt that they have great knowledge about each of the particular field. Like for humor the jokes that they cracked were really poor and much of there set back was they did not understand that this was not funny. Whereas they felt that they had cracked a hilarious joke .
 
These set of people who scored the lowest not only did they feel they were exceptional, but they didn’t even know that they had actually performed poorly. This is like an agent who has failed in an examination but feels he deserves a better score because he evaluates himself as a person who is intelligent and can easily clear the exam.
 
The reason can be explained because of 2 factors . Due to the lack of skills, acumen in the particular field a person is unable to perform at the desired level. Secondly due to his Limited knowledge he does not realise what is the skills , and abilities which are required to meet and exceed the performance. There can be other factors like little knowledge in the particular field which might make the person believe that is exceedingly well in a particular task . The problem might arise due to meta cognition which is every person’s judges himself from his limited knowledge and perception which might be flawed and biased. This might result in him evaluating himself as much superior when in actual he might be underperforming .
 
A superior can deal the in removing this problem in 3, different ways :- 1. Learning and practice — By constantly teaching and guiding the person as to what are the required expectation and skills for a particular task .this will help a person to realise where he stands as compared to the required expectation and once he realizes this gap he will try to breach the same by gaining knowledge and practice .
 
2. Providing constant feedback — supervisor should provide constant and ongoing feedback which will help the person to understand how well is adapting and learning the new skills , and weather he's meeting the desired expectation .often this might not be liked by the person but if there is constructive feedback provided this can be very helpful for the person to meet and exceed the desired skill.
 
3. Questioning what the person Knows- even when a person starts to learn something new he might only absorb things which he is already familiar with. The supervisor should constantly ask a question and also an encourage the person to challenge and ask himself the question as to what is known and unknown to him . This will help the person to constantly strive for excellence, and he will exceed the desired job which he was unable to perform.